IUI, which stands for intrauterine insemination, involves the placement of a concentrated amount of washed sperm directly into the uterus using a catheter. This procedure is typically performed around the time of ovulation. The primary objective of IUI is to enhance the number of sperm that reach the egg, thereby improving the chances of successful fertilization.
IUI can be conducted during either a natural cycle or a stimulated cycle. In the case of ovulation induction, the ovary is stimulated to encourage the production of one or more eggs.
Follicular monitoring is performed to assess the growth of follicles. The type and dosage of medication are determined individually to achieve optimal ovulation while minimizing potential side effects. Typically, folliculometry involves transvaginal ultrasound scanning, which is performed two to three times or more during a treatment cycle. Once the leading follicle reaches a diameter greater than 17mm and the endometrium is appropriately developed, an HCG injection is administered to stimulate oocyte maturity and trigger ovulation. Insemination takes place when ovulation is imminent or shortly after.
The insemination procedure is a quick, straightforward, and painless process. It involves the insertion of a speculum into the vagina to visualize the cervix, which is then cleansed with a culture medium. The prepared sperm is carefully injected into the uterine cavity with a thin plastic catheter. After the insemination, the patient is recommended to rest for a short period of time.
Implantation typically occurs within a range of six to 12 days after ovulation. Therefore, it is recommended to perform a pregnancy test to detect the hormone HCG at least two weeks after the IUI procedure. To confirm pregnancy, an ultrasound scan to visualize the fetal heart can be conducted after four weeks.
PGD, which stands for pre-implantation genetic diagnosis, offers a highly successful method for gender selection of your future baby. The process of PGD involves several key steps:
To begin, an embryo is created through the process of in vitro fertilization (IVF). After creation, the embryo is carefully cultured in an incubator for a period of 2-3 days before proceeding to the next stage.
A fine laser is used to breach the outer shell of each created embryo (the number of embryos can vary between patients). Once a small opening, known as a zona pellucida, is created, one or two cells are extracted from each embryo. These cells are then subjected to chromosomal testing using FISH (Fluorescent in situ hybridization) technology. The results of this testing provide valuable information about the chromosomal makeup of each embryo, with “XX” indicating a female embryo and “XY” indicating a male embryo. Following the testing, the desired embryo of choice, based on gender selection, is transferred into the female partner’s uterus using a catheter.
By utilizing PGD, couples have the opportunity to make informed decisions regarding the gender of their future child, enhancing the possibilities of family planning.
The process of embryo transfer is a straightforward, efficient, and comfortable procedure. It begins with the gentle insertion of a speculum into the vagina to provide a clear view of the cervix. The cervix is then cleansed using a specialized culture medium. Using a fine plastic catheter, the carefully prepared sperm is gently injected into the uterine cavity. Following the insemination, it is advisable for the patient to take a brief rest.
When it comes to family balancing, PGD stands out as the most effective method for achieving a baby of the desired gender. With PGD, the chances of achieving a successful pregnancy are remarkably high, reaching approximately 60%. This offers couples a significant opportunity to fulfill their family planning goals and aspirations.
It stands for Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy. It is a procedure used during in vitro fertilization (IVF) to screen embryos for chromosomal abnormalities before they are transferred to the uterus.
The procedure involves the following steps:
The woman undergoes ovarian stimulation to produce multiple eggs, which are then retrieved through a minor surgical procedure.
The retrieved eggs are fertilized with sperm in a laboratory to create embryos. These embryos are cultured for several days until they reach a suitable stage for biopsy.
A small number of cells, typically 2-4, are removed from each embryo. This biopsy is performed using techniques such as trophectoderm biopsy or blastomere biopsy, depending on the stage of embryo development.
The extracted cells from the embryos are then analyzed to determine their chromosomal composition. PGT-A uses advanced genetic screening techniques, such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) or array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), to detect aneuploidies, which are abnormalities in the number of chromosomes.
Based on the results of PGT-A, embryos that are identified as chromosomally normal or euploid can be selected for transfer. These embryos have a higher chance of implantation and lower risk of miscarriage compared to embryos with chromosomal abnormalities.
The selected euploid embryos are transferred to the woman’s uterus, typically during a subsequent cycle. The number of embryos transferred depends on various factors, including the woman’s age and embryo quality.
By performing PGT-A, couples undergoing IVF can increase their chances of successful pregnancy by selecting embryos with the highest potential for implantation and development. It also helps to reduce the risk of implanting embryos with chromosomal abnormalities, which may lead to failed implantation, miscarriage, or certain genetic disorders.
PGT-M also known as PGD (Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis), is a procedure used to test embryos for specific monogenic disorders, which genetic conditions are caused by changes in a single gene. It is primarily used by couples who are known to carry a genetic mutation and want to avoid passing it on to their offspring. The procedure involves the following steps:
The woman undergoes ovarian stimulation to produce multiple eggs, which are then retrieved through a minor surgical procedure.
The retrieved eggs are fertilized with sperm in a laboratory to create embryos. These embryos are cultured for several days until they reach a suitable stage for biopsy.
A small number of cells, typically 1-2 cells, are removed from each embryo. This biopsy is performed using techniques such as blastomere biopsy or trophectoderm biopsy, depending on the stage of embryo development.
The extracted cells from the embryos are then analyzed to detect specific genetic mutations or variations associated with the targeted monogenic disorder. Various genetic testing methods, such as PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) or DNA sequencing, are used to identify the presence or absence of the specific genetic mutation.
Based on the results of PGT-M, embryos that are identified as unaffected by the targeted genetic disorder can be selected for transfer. These embryos have a lower risk of inheriting the specific genetic condition.
The selected unaffected embryos are transferred to the woman’s uterus, typically during a subsequent cycle. The number of embryos transferred depends on various factors, including the woman’s age and embryo quality.
It’s important to note that specific protocols and techniques may vary among clinics and individual cases. It is advisable to consult with a fertility specialist or genetic counselor for detailed and up-to-date information on PGT-M and its procedure.